Theaflavin digallate inactivates plasminogen activator inhibitor: Could tea help in Alzheimer's disease and obesity?

Abstract

Proteolysis in general and particularly the serine proteases are causally involved in many physiological processes and different diseases. Recently it was reported that plasminogen activator inhibitor type one (PAI-1) inactivation can alleviate the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and reduce the body weight of obese individuals. In our broad search for natural compounds and their derivatives that can inhibit PAI-1, we include the polyphenols of teas since teas (green and black) or their components have been reported to alleviate the symptoms of both obesity and Alzheimer's disease. Inactivation of PAI-1 was measured in human plasma using thromboelastography. We used known PAI-1 inhibitor PAI039 [{1-benzyl-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}(oxo) acetic acid] as a positive control and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), its prodrug octaacetate EGCG (OcAc EGCG) and theaflavin digallate [TH(2)] as potential PAI-1 inhibitors. We found that inactivation of PAI-1 in plasma by EGCG and OcAc EGCG was low or very low. However, TH(2) inactivated PAI-1 in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 18 μM which is equal to or better than the IC50 reported for known PAI-1 inhibitor PAI039. Clearly TH(2) inhibits PAI-1 and might play a role in slowing down the progression of Alzheimer's disease or obesity by a PAI-1-dependent pathway. While the clinical value of TH(2) has not been proven, long-term prospective studies assessing its efficacy are warranted due to the benign nature of the substance.