Primary Aldosteronism Decreases Insulin Secretion and Increases Insulin Clearance in Humans

Abstract

Primary aldosteronism is a frequent cause of resistant hypertension and is associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes mellitus. Aldosterone impairs insulin secretion in isolated islets, and insulin secretion is increased in aldosterone synthase-deficient mice. We hypothesized that treatment for primary aldosteronism increases insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in humans. We conducted a prospective cohort study in patients with primary aldosteronism, with assessment of glucose metabolism before and 3 to 12 months after treatment. Participants underwent treatment for primary aldosteronism with adrenalectomy or a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist at the discretion of their treating physician. We assessed insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity by hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, respectively, on 2 study days after a 5-day standardized diet. After treatment, the C-peptide and insulin response during the hyperglycemic clamp increased compared with pretreatment (ΔC-peptide at 90-120 minutes +530.5±384.1 pmol/L, P=0.004; Δinsulin 90-120 minutes +183.0±122.6, P=0.004). During hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps, insulin sensitivity decreased after treatment (insulin sensitivity index 30.7±6.2 versus 18.5±4.7 nmol·kg-1·min-1·pmol-1·L; P=0.02). Insulin clearance decreased after treatment (872.8±207.6 versus 632.3±178.6 mL/min; P=0.03), and disposition index was unchanged. We conclude that the insulin response to glucose increases and insulin clearance decreases after treatment for primary aldosteronism, and these effects were not due to alterations in creatinine clearance or plasma cortisol. These studies may provide further insight into the mechanism of increased diabetes mellitus risk in primary aldosteronism.