Footprint Analysis

Abstract

Definitions of footprint function and source area are introduced. Main footprint modeling approaches for Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) and forest canopy turbulence are presented. Ana-lytical footprint models with limitations are discussed. The Lagrangian stochastic approach with appli-cations to ABL and forest canopy turbulence is presented in detail. The most important dependencies of footprint functions are illustrated with examples. Large Eddy Simulation as an approach to simulate complicated turbulence fields and its applications to footprint simulations is presented. An overview of closure modeling approach for flow and footprint simulation in complicated landscapes and inhomo-geneous canopies is given. Practical examples of the influence of forest clear-cut and forest edge to footprint functions is discussed. Application of footprint models to site and data quality evaluation is extensively presented.