Recent landform evolution in the Ukrainian carpathians

Abstract

In the Ukrainian Carpathians the boundary between the forest and subalpine belts (at about 1,400-1,500 m) divides different systems of geomorphic processes. In the subalpine belt mass movements, gully erosion and nivation dominate and affect the slopes of extensive erosional surfaces. Avalanches occur on slopes with inclinations of 20-45° at elevations of 300-2,000 m. Neotectonic uplift and denudation rates are in approximate equilibrium (both 1.5-2.5 mm year-1). Gullies and ravines are the most widespread form of erosion at lower elevations. There are three types of karst in the Ukrainian Carpathians: carbonate, sulfate, and salt karsts. In recent decades human impact on geomorphic processes has intensified and landslides, debris flows, and extreme floods have become more frequent. The alterations in the water and sediment discharges and channel morphology of rivers are good indicators of environmental changes.