Geomagnetic Storm Occurrence and Their Relation With Solar Cycle Phases

Abstract

Using a time series of geomagnetic storm events between 1957 and 2019, obtained by selecting storms where (Formula presented.) −50 nT, we have analyzed the probability of occurrence of moderate, intense, and severe events. Considering that geomagnetic storms can be modeled as stochastic processes with a log-normal probability distribution over their minimum (Formula presented.) index, the dataset was separated according to solar cycle (SC) and SC phases, and the distributions of events were fitted through maximum likelihood method in order to characterize the occurrence of storms in each cycle and phase, and then compare those occurrences to the SC24. Our results show that there is a strong dependence between the occurrence of intense storms, with (Formula presented.) −100 nT, and the strength of the SC measured by the sunspot numbers. In particular, SC24 is very similar to SC20. However, when comparing the occurrence of storms by SC phases, events tend to show similar activity toward the minimum phase and have significant differences in the maximum phases. By looking at the (Formula presented.) value—the fit log-normal distribution “width” parameter—characteristic of the occurrence rate of storms, we have found that the (Formula presented.) (the sigma value in the descending phase of one cycle) shows the highest correlation ((Formula presented.)) with (Formula presented.) (the sigma value in the maximum phase of the next cycle) which allows us to estimate the occurrence rate of storms for SC25 to be similar to those of SC21 and SC22, suggesting a more intense cycle than the one that just ended.