Blunting of insulin inhibition of proteolysis in legs of older subjects may contribute to age-related sarcopenia

Abstract

Background: Reduced postprandial muscle proteolysis is mainly due to increased insulin availability. Whether rates of proteolysis in response to low physiologic doses of insulin are affected by aging is unknown. Objectives: We tested the hypothesis that suppression of leg protein breakdown (LPB) by insulin is blunted in older subjects, together with blunted activation of Akt-protein kinase B (PKB). Design: Groups of 8 young [mean (±SD) age: 24.5 ± 1.8 y] and older (65.0 ± 1.3 y) participants were studied during euglycemic (5 mmol/L), isoaminoacidemic (blood leucine ≈ 120 μmol/L) clamp procedures at plasma insulin concentrations of ≈5 and ≈15 μIU/mL for 1.5 h. Leg amino acid balance, whole-leg protein turnover (as dilution of amino acid tracers), and muscle protein synthesis were measured with D5-phenylalanine and [1,2-13C2]leucine. The kinase activity of muscle Akt-PKB and the extent of phosphorylation of signaling proteins associated with the mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway were measured before and after the clamp procedures. Results: Basal LPB rates were not different between groups (66 ± 11 compared with 51 ± 10 nmol leucine · 100 mL leg-1 · min-1 and 30 ± 5 compared with 24 ± 4 nmol phenylalanine · 100 mL leg-1 · min -1 in young and older groups, respectively). However, although insulin at ≈15 μIU/mL lowered LPB by 47% in the young subjects (P < 0.05) and abolished the negative leg amino acid balance, this caused only a 12% fall (P > 0.05) in the older group. Akt-PKB activity mirrored decreases in LPB. No differences were seen in muscle protein synthesis or associated anabolic signaling phosphoproteins. Conclusions: At moderate availability, the effect of insulin on LPB is diminished in older human beings, and this effect may be mediated through blunted Akt-PKB activation. © 2009 American Society for Nutrition.