Endemic bladder stones

Abstract

The bladder is the most commonly affected site for stone formation in the lower urinary tract. The incidence of vesical calculi has declined significantly in the last 50 years in developed countries due to improvements in nutrition and diet. Bladder calculi can be classified as primary idiopathic/endemic, migrant, and secondary calculi. Primary idiopathic/endemic bladder calculi are those calculi that form typically in children, in absence of bladder outlet obstruction/neurogenic bladder leading to urinary stasis, urinary tract infection, or foreign body. © 2011 Springer-Verlag London Limited.