The Ketel(D) dominant-negative mutations identify maternal function of the Drosophila importin-β gene required for cleavage nuclei formation

Abstract

The Ketel(D) dominant female-sterile mutations and their ketel(r) revertant alleles identify the Ketel gene, which encodes the importin-β (karyopherin-β) homologue of Drosophila melanogaster. Embryogenesis does not commence in the Ketel(D) eggs deposited by the Ketel(D)/+ females due to failure of cleavage nuclei formation. When rejected into wild-type cleavage embryos, cytoplasm of the Ketel(D) eggs does not inhibit nuclear protein import but prevents cleavage nuclei formation following mitosis. The Ketel+ transgenes slightly reduce effects of the Ketel(D) mutations. The paternally derived Ketel(D) alleles act as recessive zygotic lethal mutations, the Ketel(D)/- hemizygotes, like the ketel(r)/ketel(r) and the ketel(r)/- zygotes, perish during second larval instar. The Ketel maternal dowry supports their short life. The Ketel(D)-related defects originate most likely following association of the Ketel(D)-encoded mutant molecules with a maternally provided partner. As in the Ketel(D) eggs, embryogenesis does not commence in eggs of germline chimeras with ketel(r)/- germline cells and normal soma, underlining the dominant-negative nature of the Ketel(D) mutations. The ketel(r) homozygous clones are fully viable in the follicle epithelium in wings and tergites. The Ketel gene is not expressed in most larval tissues, as revealed by the expression pattern of a Ketel promoter-lacZ reporter gene.