Comparison of macro, trace and ultra-trace minerals contents of kelulut honey (Heterotrigona itama sp) from the West Coast of Sabah

Abstract

Various minerals in Kelulut honey possess a high value in human health and are crucial in regulating multiple biological metabolisms. However, each mineral from different honey sources needs to be monitored to avoid contamination and food poisoning. In addition, the amount of minerals content varies based on geographical region and nectar sources. This study aims to identify and determine the minerals content in Kelulut honey samples collected from different locations on the West Coast of Sabah. The samples were analyzed using ICP-OES, and a total of 20 minerals elements (Ag, Al, As, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Se, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn) were presented. The most abundant minerals which are categorized as macro minerals present in all the samples are K (1821.253 ± 35.16 mg/kg), followed by Na (371.00±5.06 mg/kg), Ca (338.643±3.07 mg/kg), and Mg (98.899±1.77 mg/kg). While from the group of minor minerals, Zn had the highest amount with a mean concentration of 6.38±10.35 mg/kg, followed by Mn (2.04±1.61 mg/kg), Cu (1.26±2.97mg/kg). No toxic elements were detected except for Ag (0.06±0.01 mg/kg), considered unbeneficial minerals, and the concentration was considered no harmful effect on the biological system.