Estimated global public health and economic impact of COVID-19 vaccines in the pre-omicron era using real-world empirical data

Abstract

Background: Limited data are available describing the global impact of COVID-19 vaccines. This study estimated the global public health and economic impact of COVID-19 vaccines before the emergence of the Omicron variant. Methods: A static model covering 215 countries/territories compared the direct effects of COVID-19 vaccination to no vaccination during 13 December 2020–30 September 2021. After adjusting for underreporting of cases and deaths, base case analyses estimated total cases and deaths averted, and direct outpatient and productivity costs saved through averted health outcomes. Sensitivity analyses applied alternative model assumptions. Results: COVID-19 vaccines prevented an estimated median (IQR) of 151.7 (133.7–226.1) million cases and 620.5 (411.1–698.1) thousand deaths globally through September 2021. In sensitivity analysis applying an alternative underreporting assumption, median deaths averted were 2.1 million. Estimated direct outpatient cost savings were $21.2 ($18.9–30.9) billion and indirect savings of avoided productivity loss were $135.1 ($121.1–206.4) billion, yielding a total cost savings of $155 billion globally through averted infections. Conclusions: Using a conservative modeling approach that considered direct effects only, we estimated that COVID-19 vaccines have averted millions of infections and deaths, generating billions of cost savings worldwide, which underscore the continued importance of vaccination in public health response to COVID-19.