Changes in the swallowing pattern and tongue posture during the transition from deciduous to mixed dentition—a longitudinal ultrasonography study

Abstract

Background: Given the importance that swallowing pattern and tongue posture might have in the aetiology of malocclusion, it appears important to be aware of the physiological changes of tongue function and its posture. Objectives: The study aimed to assess changes of the swallowing pattern and tongue posture during the transition from the deciduous to mixed dentition and the association between them. Materials and Methods: The study included 57 subjects aged 5.87 ± 0.5 with normal occlusion, orofacial functions, no history of trauma, or orthodontic treatment. Ultrasonography was used for the assessment of tongue posture and swallowing pattern, where the spontaneous act of swallowing was recorded.To evaluate the possible effect of incisors’ eruption, the swallowing pattern and tongue posture ultrasonograms were compared at the deciduous (DD), early mixed (EMD), and intermediate mixed (IMD) timepoints. Results: A significant association between the swallowing pattern and tongue posture at the DD and IMD timepoint was found. Moreover, the visceral swallowing pattern decreases with age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.777), as well as with a prolonged phase IIa (OR = 0.071), while it increases when the tongue is postured on the mouth floor (OR = 5.020). Limitations: The young age of the investigated subjects, direct contact of the probe, and the determination of the rest phase of the tongue were considered limitations. Conclusions: No statistically significant changes in swallowing pattern and tongue posture occurred during the transition period; however, a significant association between the swallowing pattern and tongue posture among subjects with normal occlusion, regardless of the dentition phase was detected.