Closed-loop control in prosthetic systems: Historical perspective

Abstract

The control of artificial limbs and other restorative systems is discussed in terms of closed-loop control and sensory feedback. Feedback modalities are classified in three categories: (1) Supplemental Sensory Feedback (2) Artificial Reflexes (3) Control Interface Feedback. Historical attempts to provide sensory feedback in prostheses are discussed and put in the context of more modern efforts in this area. © 1981 Pergamon Press Ltd.