Intense Granular Sheetflow in Steep Streams

Abstract

Quantifying sediment transport rates in mountainous streams is important for hazard prediction, stream restoration, and landscape evolution. While much of the channel network has steep bed slopes, little is known about the mechanisms of sediment transport for bed slopes between 10% < S < 30%, where both fluvial transport and debris flows occur. To explore these slopes, we performed experiments in a 12-m-long sediment recirculating flume with a nearly uniform gravel bed. At 20% and 30% bed gradients, we observed a 4-to-10 particle-diameter thick, highly concentrated sheetflow layer between the static bed below and the more dilute bedload layer above. Sheetflow thickness increased with steeper bed slopes, and particle velocities increased with bed shear velocity. Sheetflows occurred at Shields stresses close to the predicted bedload-to-debris flow transition, suggesting a change of behavior from bedload to sheetflow to debris flow as the bed steepens.