Natural and Anthropogenic Determinants of Freshwater Ecosystem Deterioration: An Environmental Forensic Study of the Langat River Basin, Malaysia

Abstract

Freshwater ecosystems face numerous threats that challenge the local authorities’ ability on tackling down the water security (quantity and quality) issues and their management. The quality of surface water is an essential component of the natural environment and is considered as the main factor for controlling ecosystem health and potential hazard to the surrounding environment. The Langat River Basin in Selangor, Malaysia is exposed to natural and anthropogenic activities. A forensic investigation via the use of geostatistical and geochemical approaches and different standard criteria revealed two sources controlling the evolution of Langat River Basin water chemistry: (i) anthropogenic (agricultural and industrial activi- ties) and (ii) natural processes (seawater intrusion and geological weathering). In addition, the suitability of river water for various purposes was determined based on the application of selected indicators and indices. The findings serve as an essential platform for the protection of water resources.