Here be web proxies

Abstract

HTTP proxies serve numerous roles, from performance enhancement to access control to network censorship, but often operate stealthily without explicitly indicating their presence to the communicating endpoints. In this paper we present an analysis of the evidence of proxying manifest in executions of the ICSI Netalyzr spanning 646,000 distinct IP addresses ("clients"). To identify proxies we employ a range of detectors at the transport and application layer, and report in detail on the extent to which they allow us to fingerprint and map proxies to their likely intended uses. We also analyze 17,000 clients that include a novel proxy location technique based on traceroutes of the responses to TCP connection establishment requests, which provides additional clues regarding the purpose of the identified web proxies. Overall, we see 14% of Netalyzr-analyzed clients with results that suggest the presence of web proxies. © 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland.