Kainate receptors are the key to understanding synaptic plasticity, learning and memory (Review)

Abstract

Glutamatergic signaling is one of the main types of excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain. It plays a key role in the normal brain function and the cognitive performance. Glutamatergic signaling failure is associated with brain disorders; therefore this system is considered an essential target of therapeutic interventions. Glutamatergic synaptic transmission is mediated by a set of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors including the kainate receptors. These receptors (both ionotropic and metabotropic) are involved in the process of synaptic transmission by modulating the excitation/inhibition balance. The modulatory effect of kainate receptors is mediated by the mechanisms that involve the presynaptic and postsynaptic endings, the rhythmic activity of the neural network, the function of the astroglial network, and the neuron-glial interaction. Thus, a dysfunction of kainate receptors can lead to deviations in the balance between excitation and inhibition, disorders of the neuronal networks, and even epileptiform manifestations. The present report reviews the major mechanisms of ionotropic and metabotropic activation of kainate receptors involved in the regulation of synaptic transmission, plasticity, learning and memory.