Changes in the sub-antarctic in the modern era of science and environmental consciousness

Abstract

This paper defines the "modern era of science and environmental consciousness" both in a global sense and, more specifically, when applied to the sub-Antarctic archipelagos. It briefly describes some key changes occurring in the sub-Antarctic terrestrial biome including climate change and the introduction of non-indigenous species. Three case studies are presented that demonstrate how important these changes are in the context of long-term natural climate and environmental variability. Finally, the role of science and environmental consciousnesses in informing future management of the sub-Antarctic islands is considered.