The Temporal Scale of Behavioural and Demographic Flexibility: Implications for Comparative Analyses and Conservation

Abstract

Many primate species exhibit high levels of behavioural variation that correlate with demographic variance across populations and within populations over time. Analyses of these relationships have typically treated behavioural vari- ance as the product of individual responses to local ecological and demographic conditions and therefore indicative of behavioural flexibility. However, in contrast to the extrinsic nature of the variance in ecological conditions such as climate, food availability, or predation pressure, demographic variance can reflect both extrinsic processes and intrinsic properties of individual life histories, such as the timing and rate of fertility and dispersal decisions. If we follow the rationale for interpreting behavioural flexibility, then demographic flexibility would correspondingly reflect the responses of components of individual life histories that are free to vary to exter- nal stimuli. The dynamics between behavioural and demographic flexibility can shift over the course of individual lifespans and are expected to affect the size and composition of groups and populations and therefore levels of intrasexual competi- tion and many other features of sociality. These dynamics also affect group and population growth rates, with implications for the recovery and management of small populations and the resilience of large populations subject to rapidly or unpre- dictably changing conditions. Longitudinal and cross-sectional data from the criti- cally endangered northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) and other primate species provide comparative insights into patterns of behavioural and demographic flexibility that can advance our understanding of primate adaptive potentials and constraints over ecological and evolutionary time