Abstract
This chapter addresses Estonia's participation in IEA's Civic Education Study (CIVED), International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) 2009, and ICCS 2016. Participation in these IEA civic studies contributed to educational discourse in Estonia by transforming the state-centered subject into broader society-centered and age-relevant concepts of citizenship. Study findings affected curriculum and textbooks' content and external testing policy. Uniquely, in Estonia IEA civic studies had a breakthrough effect outside formal education by contributing to lowering the voting age to 16 in municipal elections. Finally, the chapter addresses the challenge and national experience of integrating Russian-speaking youth into society through civic and citizenship education.
Cite
CITATION STYLE
Toots, A., & Oja, M. (2021). Estonia: Civic and citizenship education in turbulent times. In Influences of the IEA Civic and Citizenship Education Studies: Practice, Policy, and Research Across Countries and Regions (pp. 77–90). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71102-3_7
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