In Silico Study Reveals How E64 Approaches, Binds to, and Inhibits Falcipain-2 of Plasmodium falciparum that Causes Malaria in Humans

Abstract

Plasmodium falciparum malaria, which degrades haemoglobin through falcipain-2 (FP2), is a serious disease killing 445 thousand people annually. Since the P. falciparum’s survival in humans depends on its ability to degrade human’s haemoglobin, stoppage or hindrance of FP2 has antimalarial effects. Therefore, we studied the atomic details of how E64 approaches, binds to, and inhibits FP2. We found that E64 (1) gradually approaches FP2 by first interacting with FP2’s D170 and Q171 or N81, N77, and K76; (2) binds FP2 tightly (ΔGbinding = −12.2 ± 1.1 kJ/mol); and (3) persistently blocks access to FP2’s catalytic residues regardless of whether or not E64 has already been able to form a covalent bond with FP2’s C42. Furthermore, the results suggest that S41, D234, D170, N38, N173, and L172 (which are located in or near the FP2’s catalytic site’s binding pocket) contribute the most towards the favourable binding of E64 to FP2. Their in silico mutations adversely affect E64-FP2 binding affinity with D234L/A, N173L/A, W43F/A, D234L/A, H174F/A, and N38L/A having the most significant adverse effects on E64-FP2 binding and interactions. The findings presented in this article, which has antimalarial implications, suggest that hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions play important roles in E64-FP2 binding, and that a potential FP2-blocking E64-based/E64-like antimalarial drug should be capable of being both hydrogen-bond donor and acceptor, and/or have the ability to favourably interact with polar amino acids (such as S41, S149, N38, N173, N77, Q171) and with charged amino acids (such as D234, D170, H174) of FP2. The abilities to favourably interact with ASN, ASP, and SER appears to be important characteristics that such potential drug should have.