Molecular engineering of channelrhodopsins for enhanced control over the nervous system

Abstract

Light-activated proteins such as channelrhodopsins are powerful tools which reveal the function of neuronal networks with unprecedented precision. The strength of optogenetic applications emerges directly from the unique properties of the utilized proteins. Consequently, modifying the properties of channelrhodopsins extends our research capabilities even further. In this chapter, I describe how targeted protein engineering results in enhanced optogenetic applications. One key element is to align the molecular function of channelrhodopsins with the physiological properties of neuronal circuits. As shown on two examples, understanding protein function as well as the intended host system provides a significant advantage in protein engineering.