Immortalized cancer-associated fibroblasts promote prostate cancer carcinogenesis, proliferation and invasion

Abstract

Background: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are dominant components of the prostate cancer (PCA) stroma. However, the contrasting effects of CAFs and adjacent normal prostate fibroblasts (NPFs) are still poorly defined. The senescence of non-immortalized CAFs after subculture may limit the cell number and influence experimental results of in vitro studies. In this study, we immortalized CAFs to study their role in PCA carcinogenesis, proliferation, and invasion. Materials and Methods: We cultured and immortalized CAFs and NPFs, then compared their effect on epithelial malignant transformation by using in vitro co-culture, soft agar assay, and a mouse renal capsule xenograft model. We also compared their roles in PCA progression by using in vitro co-culture, cell viability assays, invasion assays, and a mouse xenograft model. For the mechanistic study, we screened a series of growth factors by using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The CAFs and NPFs were successfully cultured, immortalized, and characterized. The CAFs were able to transform prostate epithelial cells into malignant cells, but NPFs were not. The CAFs were more active in promoting proliferation of and invasion by PCA cells, and in secreting higher levels of a series of growth factors. Conclusion: The immortalized CAFs were more supportive of PCA carcinogenesis and progression. Targeting CAFs might be a potential option for PCA therapy. Immortalized CAFs and NPFs will also be valuable resources for future experimental exploration.