Hydraulic force is a novel mechanism of diastolic function that may contribute to decreased diastolic filling in HFpEF and facilitate filling in HFrEF

Abstract

A hydraulic force generated by blood moving the atrioventricular plane is a novel mechanism of diastolic function. The direction and magnitude of the force is dependent on the geometrical relationship between the left atrium and ventricle and is measured as the short-axis atrioventricular area difference (AVAD). In short, the net hydraulic force acts from a larger area toward a smaller one. It is currently unknown how cardiac remodeling affects this mechanism. The aim of the study was therefore to investigate this diastolic mechanism in patients with pathological or physiological remodeling. Seventy subjects [n = 11 heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), n = 10 heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), n = 7 signs of isolated diastolic dysfunction, n = 10 hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, n = 10 cardiac amyloidosis, n = 18 triathletes, and n = 14 controls] were included. Subjects underwent cardiac MR, and short-axis images of the left atrium and ventricle were delineated. AVAD was calculated as ventricular area minus atrial area and used as an indicator of net hydraulic force. At the onset of diastole, AVAD in HFpEF was -9.2 cm2 (median) versus -4.4 cm2 in controls, P = 0.02. The net hydraulic force was directed toward the ventricle for both but was larger in HFpEF. HFrEF was the only group with a positive median value (11.6 cm2), and net hydraulic force was throughout diastole directed toward the atrium. The net hydraulic force may impede cardiac filling throughout diastole in HFpEF, worsening diastolic dysfunction. In contrast, it may work favorably in patients with dilated ventricles and aid ventricular filling. NEW & NOTEWORTHY It is a previously unrecognized physiological mechanism of the heart that diastolic filling occurs with the help of hydraulics. In patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, atrial dilatation may cause the net hydraulic force to work against cardiac filling, thus further augmenting diastolic dysfunction. In contrast, it may work favorably in patients with dilated ventricles, as in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.