Since the early 1800s, about 103 NIS have been recorded in the Baltic Sea. In this brackish sea (salinity range from less than 2 to approximately 20 PSU) horizontal and vertical gradients provide the nonindigenous species of different origin an extended repertoire of hospitable conditions. Several ecological functions of the non-native animals are new (and hence unique) for the species-poor Baltic Sea ecosystem. A review of the research into invasion biology in the Baltic Sea countries reveals a timeline from first records of single new species toward more sophisticated studies in invasion biology.
CITATION STYLE
Leppäkoski, E., Olenin, S., & Gollasch, S. (2002). The Baltic Sea — A Field Laboratory for Invasion Biology. In Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management (pp. 253–259). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9956-6_27
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