Interleukin 6/Wnt interactions in rheumatoid arthritis: Interleukin 6 inhibits Wnt signaling in synovial fibroblasts and osteoblasts

Abstract

Aim: To evaluate the impact of previously unrecognized negative interaction between the Wnt and interleukin (IL) 6 signaling pathways in skeletal tissues as a possible major mechanism leading to age- and inflammation-related destruction of bone and joints. Methods: Luciferase reporter assays were performed to monitor Wnt pathway activation upon IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNFa) treatment. Functional contribution of IL-6 and TNFa interaction to inhibition of bone formation was evaluated in vitro using small hairpin RNAs (shRNA) in mouse mesenchymal precursor cells (MPC) of C2C12 and KS483 lines induced to differentiate into osteoblasts by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP). Results: IL-6 inhibited the activation of Wnt signaling in primary human synoviocytes, and, together with TNFa and Dickkopf-1, inhibited the activation of Wnt response. ShRNA-mediated knockdown of IL-6 mRNA significantly increased early BMP2/7-induced osteogenesis and rescued it from the negative effect of TNFa in C2C12 cells, as well as intensified bone matrix mineralization in KS483 cells. Conclusion: IL-6 is an important mediator in the inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by TNFa, and knockdown of IL-6 partially rescues osteogenesis from the negative control of inflammation. The anti-osteoblastic effects of IL-6 are most likely mediated by its negative interaction with Wnt signaling pathway.