A spiral laser scanning routine for powder bed fusion inspired by natural predator-prey behaviour

Abstract

Additive manufacturing by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) requires process parameters that consider both local and global thermal gradients to address material and component quality issues caused by non-uniform heating and cooling. Here, we develop an analogy between natural predator-prey behaviour and heat flow in LPBF, and consequently derive a spiral pattern that is translated into a discrete vector pattern compatible with LPBF. A power optimisation routine is applied to the spiral pattern to maintain constant melt pool depth, and the simulated thermal histories are compared to well-established zig-zag and helix scan patterns. From these results, we propose that the spiral pattern reduces the spatial variation of temperature, while a larger area remains above a specified threshold temperature at the end of the scan. Consequently, the spiral pattern may be promising for printing crack-prone materials, and for parameter optimisation of LPBF overall, and should be experimentally validated in future work.