Fish passage through urban and rural-residential areas

Abstract

Migration is a critical aspect of salmonid life histories and salmonids migrate at multiple spatial and temporal scales depending on species, age, and season. Resident salmonids often migrate a few kilometers between stream reaches and river segments and between lakes and streams, whereas anadromous salmonids may migrate hundreds of kilometers between oceans and headwaters (Quinn 2005). Large-and small-scale migrations are governed by differences in species life histories, body size, differing habitat requirements of each life stage, and habitat heterogeneity and connectivity (Fausch et al. 2002). The timing and time frames over which salmonids migrate have evolved to maximize survival and reproductive fitness in variableenvironments.