Systems approach and soft systems methodology of organization and management studies

Abstract

This chapter consists of three parts. The first part discusses the need and importance of systems approach in management and social research. It attempts to specify the pitfalls of standard analytical and reductionist methods in tackling complex social and management issues. It then defines and illustrates the use of various concepts, theories, and laws relevant to systems approach. Part II of the chapter deals with tools and techniques. Both diagrammatic and non-diagrammatic tools and techniques relevant to soft systems methodology are discussed. Such discussions include strategic option development analysis (SODA), cognitive mapping, strategic choice approach, and sociograms. The chapter describes the various areas of application and steps to be followed in carrying out research according to soft systems methodology. The third part of the chapter deals with a number of case studies. Most of such case studies utilized soft systems methodologies along with appropriate hard systems methodologies to tackle complex social, developmental, and management problems.