Real-time estimation of respiratory rate from a photoplethysmogram using an adaptive lattice notch filter

Abstract

Background: Many researchers have attempted to acquire respiratory rate (RR) information from a photoplethysmogram (PPG) because respiration affects the waveform of the PPG. However, most of these methods were difficult to operate in real-time because of their complexity or computational requirements. From these needs, we attempted to develop a method to estimate RR from a PPG with a light computational burden. Methods: To obtain RR information, we adopt a sequential filtering structure and frequency estimation technique, which extracts a dominant frequency from a given signal. In particular, we used an adaptive lattice notch filter (ALNF) to estimate RR from a PPG along with an additional heart rate that is utilized as an adaptation parameter of our method. Furthermore, we designed a sequential infinite impulse response (IIR) notch filtering system (i.e., harmonic IIR notch filter) to eliminate the cardiac component and its harmonics from the PPG. We compared the proposed method with Burg's AR modeling method, which is widely used to estimate RR from a PPG, using open-source data and measured data. Results: By using a statistical test, it was determined that our adaptive lattice-type respiratory rate estimator (ALRE) was significantly more accurate than Burg's AR model method (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, the ALRE's tracking performance was better than that of Burg's method, and the variances of its estimates were smaller than those of Burg's method. Conclusions: In short, our method showed a better performance than Burg's AR modeling method for real-time applications.