Dynamics of cognitive aging: Distinguishing functional age and disease from chronologic age in a population

Abstract

This paper introduces a methodological approach to the dynamics of cognitively normal (i.e., successful) aging compared with aging accompanied by different types of cognitive impairment and dementia. Using secondary analysis of a national representative database (Canadian Study of Health and Aging, 1991-1992), the authors show that the occurrence of an adverse event (symptom, sign, or disease), or the accumulation of a number of events, may be modeled as a logistic function of chronologic age in a population. In the cognitively normal, a linear relation between the logarithm of the odds of events and chronologic age was present for the majority of symptoms and signs. This regression represents the accumulation of each sign in a cognitively successful, aging population. The authors then estimated which ages for this cognitively unimpaired group correspond to the odds of the occurrence of symptoms found for a cognitively impaired population at any given chronologic age. This may be regarded as functional age, based upon the accumulation of a particular functional deficit in the impaired population, analogous to the concept of frailty. The dynamics of aging are a complex process of accumulation of deficits (morbidity), whereby decline from some previously healthy level of synergistically associated symptoms and signs results in distinct patterns of disease and staging. The modeling of these dynamics takes us a step further toward the definition and refinement of disease and normal aging.