Magnetically Stimulated Bio- and Electrochemical Systems: State-of-the-Art, Applications, and Future Directions

Abstract

Magnetically stimulated bio-and electrochemical systems have gained increasing importance in recent years due to their enhanced sensitivity and selectivity, improved spatial control, and ability to operate in complex environments, offering significant advantages over conventional systems. Essentially, this review provides a comprehensive and informative survey about the state-of-art as well as the recent efforts and applications made in the past decade, with a focus on new functional magnetic materials and nano-architectonic interfaces that have led to promising advances in biosensors, biofuel cells, and their integration into devices. Future directions and perspectives are also discussed.