Nano-bioremediation: An Innovative Remediation Technology for Treatment and Management of Contaminated Sites

Abstract

Abstract Distillery waste (DW) is a major threat to the environment for its safe disposalduetotheirhighcontentofvarioustoxicinorganicandorganiccompounds. The degradation and detoxification of color-contributing compounds such as caramel, melanoidins, and plant phenolics and their metabolic products are essential prior to disposal of DW into the environment. Distilleries employ different forms of primary and secondary processes for effluent treatment; however, these treatment methods are highly energy intensive and hence quite expensive. Biological methods present an incredible alternate for decolorization and detoxification of DW due to their environmentally friendly, low cost, and publicly acceptable treatment processes. A wide variety of aerobic microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and cyanobacteria have the ability to decolorize melanoidins containing DW. But DW containing different types of pollutants are not easily degraded by the single-steptreatment process.Upto thepresent,however,no suitable method forthe promising treatment of huge amounts of DW has been developed. The present book chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of some of the promising bioremediation and phytoremediation approaches used for the management of DW. Further, the use of two-step sequential approach for the treatment of DW is highlighted. Furthermore, the challenges and future prospects of bioremediation of DW are also discussed.