Impact of Electric Vehicles toward Energy Reliability of the Jawa-Madura-Bali Electrical Power System

Abstract

There is an observed limitation in the number of electric vehicles using batteries as power sources (e.g., plug-in electric vehicles) in Indonesia. While the number of said electric vehicles is increasing in response to the government's commitment to shift the transportation energy source towards electric energy for a more sustainable environment, this change is followed by an inevitable impact on the current electric network and infrastructure. Indonesia's government predicted that there will be around 20 million 2-wheelers and 4 million 4-wheelers ICE by the year 2030 with an additional load of 29.300 MW to be expected. Lessons learned from other countries have shown that the abrupt changes in the supply-demand energy for the electric vehicle, such as the deficit/surplus of energy or the duck curve phenomena, create an urgency to prevent the said phenomena and the potential financial loss that might have cross-sectoral impacts. Through an analysis of the Jawa-Madura-Bali system, an independent system that can produce 30.970 MW by the year 2020 [1], the paper focuses on the impact of this system in developing an adaptive infrastructure to address increased power needs for electric vehicles in Indonesia. Literature review and data analysis shows that the impact of Electric Vehicles on the Energy Reliability of the Jawa-Madura-Bali Electrical Power System is very pronounced. The amount of energy needed for the grid to be reliable in the EV transition is significantly higher than the natural growth of the grid energy supply. It is feasible that the increasing electricity demand from EVs could be offset by adding more renewable energy sources to the grid. Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, (both centralized and decentralized) can help to offset the insufficient total energy supply growth from the conventional power producer. One approach to address these challenges is to continue the development of mixed renewable and non-renewable energy sources, allowing the grid to draw on a variety of sources as needed to meet demand. This development can help to ensure a reliable and stable supply of electricity to meet the needs of electric vehicles and other customers. A supply-demand simulation and prediction, which could be a very helpful tool in the conceptualization of a management plan for the energy system to mitigate the imbalance of supply and demand of electric energy supply should be developed.