Neurogastroenterology and motility: Descending monoaminergic pathways projecting to the spinal defecation center enhance colorectal motility in rats

Abstract

The central regulating mechanisms of defecation, especially roles of the spinal defecation center, are still unclear. We have shown that monoamines including norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin injected into the spinal defecation center cause propulsive contractions of the colorectum. These monoamines are the main neurotransmitters of descending pain inhibitory pathways. Therefore, we hypothesized that noxious stimuli in the colorectum would activate the descending monoaminergic pathways projecting to the spinal defecation center and that subsequently released endogenous monoamine neurotransmitters would enhance colorectal motility. Colorectal motility was measured in rats anesthetized with α-chloralose and ketamine. As a noxious stimulus, capsaicin was administered into the colorectal lumen. To interrupt neuronal transmission in the spinal defecation center, antagonists of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin receptors were injected intrathecally at the L6-S1 spinal level, where the spinal defecation center is located. Intraluminal administration of capsaicin, acting on the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel, caused transient propulsive contractions. The effect of capsaicin was abolished by surgical severing of the pelvic nerves or thoracic spinal transection at the T4 level. Capsaicin-induced contractions were blocked by preinjection of D2-like dopamine receptor and 5-hydroxy-tryptamine subtype 2 and 3 receptor antagonists into the spinal defecation center. We demonstrated that intraluminally administered capsaicin causes propulsive colorectal motility through reflex pathways involving the spinal and supraspinal defecation centers. Our results provide evidence that descending monoaminergic neurons are activated by noxious stimulation to the colorectum, leading to facilitation of colorectal motility. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study demonstrates that noxious stimuli in the colorectum activates the descending monoaminergic pathways projecting to the spinal defecation center and that subsequently released endogenous monoamine neurotransmitters, serotonin and dopamine, enhance colorectal motility. Our findings provide a possible explanation of the concurrent appearance of abdominal pain and bowel disorder in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Thus the present study may provide new insights into understanding of mechanisms of colorectal dysfunction involving the central nervous system.