Genetic Diversity in Vegetable and Fruit Crops

Abstract

In order to overcome the challenges posed by the prevailing biotic and abiotic factors, plants have evolved various characteristics that confer survival and ensure adaptation to certain unfavorable conditions, consequently, leading to diversity. Increasing knowledge in the era of genome sequencing of organisms makes it evident that all forms of diversity have their origin rooted in the genes. In this context, genetic diversity analysis provides a powerful tool that enhances a comprehensive understanding of genetic variation and improves conservation strategies. Plant diversity refers to the variety of plants that exist on the Earth. Understanding genetic diversities among fruits and vegetable plants are of significant importance because of not only their agricultural importance but also their economic values. It is important to keep regular assessments of the conservation status of these plant species, in order to prioritize those in need of conservation action. In order to access genetic diversity easily by researchers and breeders, most crops are conserved in genebanks, seed, and/or field, typically as part of individual national germplasm systems. The improvement of fruits and vegetable plants considerably depends on the extent of genetic variability existing within the species as well as their crop wild relatives. The genetic variation that exists among plant populations is a basic requirement for efficient improvement of such populations. It also serves as an evidence to prove whether such a population can withstand unpredictable changes in the environment. Molecular studies provide insight into relationships and diversity among plant breeds. The extent and nature of genetic diversity of fruits and vegetable plants from all around the world has been investigated by typing DNA markers in a set of individuals belonging to several breeds. The availability of PCR-based molecular markers and next-generation sequencing allows for the detailed analyses and evaluation of genetic diversity in plants and to detect genes that influence certain desirable, important traits. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive survey on the genetic diversity among some important families of fruits and vegetable plants.