KEMASUKAN SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI DARI BARAT KE DALAM KERAJAAN UTHMANIYYAH PADA ABAD KE-18 DAN ABAD KE-19: SATU PENILAIAN SEJARAH

Abstract

The Ottoman Empire known as a great and longest lasting Islamic empire. It began to face great threats fromthe west during the 17th century. Beginning with the defeat to Vienna in 1683, the Ottomans lost many of their territories in several wars. Recognizing the rising power of the west, several efforts were taken in order to reinforce the empire's strength. One of the step is via transmission of science and technology from the west to the empire. This study is using qualitative method based on literature review, interviews and field studies conducted in Turkey aimed at understanding how the processes happended and the institutions involved in the processes. The findings show that the introduction of science and technology in Ottoman during 18thcentury until 19thcentury took place through three main channels, which is translation of books on western science and technology into Turkish, sending Ottoman to western countries, and the establishment of new institutions that provided western science and technology learning. However, this paper only focused on two forms of transmission; the establishment of new learning institutions and translation efforts. The institutions under review are military institutions, medical institutions and higher education institutions. On the other hand, in the field of translation, the areas of knowledge that are focused in this study are astronomy, medicine and military. Through what is happening in the Ottomans, Malaysia as a developing country can learned, either directly or indirectly, from the Ottoman experienced in facing western influences to this country.