Useful Phrases

Abstract

The lists below offer general phrases that can be used in many kinds of research papers. For mastering the terminology and phraseology specific to a field, regular reading of the relevant literature is necessary. Note: The numbering below follows the numbering of the parts in the Guidelines for writing a paper. 3. Abstract As the Abstract is a short version of the paper, some of the phrases used in the other parts of the paper are also used in the abstract and are not mentioned here. You can find them below under each section of the paper. Some hints on how to start the Abstract follow: Introductory sentences The paper/article discusses/deals with/analyses/considers/explains/describes/establishes/introduces ….. develops/presents/provides/studies/represents/features/contains/concentrates on ….. covers/suggests/proposes/shows ….