Oran dynamics: A community-based biodiversity management system in India's arid zone

Abstract

Oran is a traditional biodiversity management system unique to Rajasthan, locally known as Devbani. Orans are common preserved sections of forest protected by villages in the name of gods or goddesses. Common pool resources such as Orans are usually managed under a mixture of open access (i.e. no effective owners or secured rights) and loosely defined common property regimes. The desert ecosystem, particularly in western Rajasthan, is very rich in livestock; hence, Orans are very important in the economy and the livelihood security of rural people and play an important role in promoting a flourishing livestock-based economy. Ancient laws utilized for the management for the Orans are based on a common belief in a divinity, and the entire community has an equal stake in the exploitation of the available resources. The conservation of resources and enforcement of the rules is the result of female dominance in managing Orans. The management committee comprises a general body that oversees the management of the forest as well as issues such as framing rules, resolving conflicts, taking action against offenders and distributing benefits. Utility maximizing behaviour, social pressure and cultural norms form a complex equation in Oran management. However, a comprehensive and well-tested approach to Oran management and conservation has not been developed or widely applied, and the rehabilitation of Orans needs proper planning and execution of a technically feasible package, tailored to suit their unique edaphic, climatic, vegetation, social and legal status.