The Role of Myeloperoxidase in Clozapine-Induced Inflammation: A Mechanistic Update for Idiosyncratic Drug-Induced Agranulocytosis

Abstract

The risk of idiosyncratic drug-induced agranulocytosis (IDIAG) markedly constrains the use of clozapine, a neuroleptic with unparalleled efficacy. Most clozapine patients experience an early inflammatory response, likely a necessary step in IDIAG onset. However, most patients do not progress to IDIAG, presumably because of the requirement of specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes, T cell receptors, and other unknown factors. We established that clozapine activates inflammasomes and that myeloperoxidase bioactivation of clozapine generates neoantigens, but the connection between these early mechanistic events remained unknown and, thus, was the aim of this work. We found that the myeloperoxidase inhibitor PF-1355 attenuated myeloperoxidase activity in phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-differentiated THP-1 macrophages, and it also attenuated clozapine-induced release of inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-1β, CXCL1, and C-reactive protein). In vivo, pretreatment of Sprague Dawley rats with PF-1355 significantly attenuated clozapine-induced increases in neutrophil mobilization from the bone marrow to the blood and spleen, as determined using differential blood counts and flow cytometry. Moreover, the clozapine-triggered release of inflammatory mediators (e.g., IL-1β, calprotectin, CXCL1, and α-1-acid glycoprotein) from the liver, spleen, and bone marrow was dampened by myeloperoxidase inhibition. These data support the working hypothesis that oxidation of clozapine to a reactive metabolite by myeloperoxidase is critical for induction of the inflammatory response to clozapine. Ultimately, a better mechanistic understanding of the early events involved in the immune response to clozapine may elucidate ways to prevent IDIAG, enabling safer, more frequent therapeutic use of this and potentially other highly efficacious drugs.