Receptor-ligand interactions in fungal infections

Abstract

Pattern recognition receptors play a key role in the antifungal immune response by recognizing specific molecules on the surface of fungi and initiating antimicrobial defenses. Fungal cell wall carbohydrates are the primary ligands for these receptors, and include components such as β-glucans and mannan. Important features of pattern recognition receptors in antifungal immunity are their ability to collaborate to drive immune responses that are specific to individual microbes and the differential recognition of fungal morphotypes. In this chapter, we will discuss the classes of pattern recognition receptors known to recognize fungi and modulate cellular responses, including the Toll-like (TLR), C-type lectin (CLR), Nod-like (NLR), scavenger and complement receptors. Although TLRs are the best-described class of pattern recognition receptor with regards to other types of pathogens, CLRs are emerging as the major receptor for the recognition of fungi.