Multiplicative effect of stress and poor sleep quality on periodontitis: A university-based cross-sectional study

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of perceived stress and poor sleep quality with periodontitis in a university-based cohort of individuals. Methods: A total of 235 individuals were included in this cross-sectional study. Perceived stress and sleep quality were evaluated through validated questionnaires, while periodontitis was identified with a full-mouth periodontal examination protocol using both European Federation of Periodontology/American Academy of Periodontology (EFP/AAP) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/AAP case definitions. Simple and multiple linear and ordinal logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association between perceived stress and sleep quality with periodontitis prevalence and severity. Results: Stage III/IV periodontitis resulted associated with both moderate/high perceived stress (odds ratio [OR] = 5.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.2–13.5; p < 0.001) and poor sleep quality (OR = 3.0; 95% CI: 1.2–7.4; p < 0.05). The interaction between moderate/high perceived stress and poor sleep quality presented a multiplicative association with stage III/IV periodontitis (EFP/AAP; OR = 5.8; 95% CI: 1.6–21.3; p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analyses indicated a similar trend of association also with linear periodontal parameters, that is, mean clinical attachment level (CAL) and mean probing pocket depth (PPD). Conclusions: The findings from the present study suggest that stress and poor sleep quality may exert a multiplicative effect on periodontitis prevalence and severity.