Free Radicals in Andrology

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive oxidizing agents that, at physiologic levels, play an essential role in the health and well-being of aerobic organisms. When supraphysiological levels of ROS are produced or when the cells’ antioxidant defense mechanisms fail, a state of oxidative stress (OS) ensues. Immature sperm cells and leukocytes are the principal sources of ROS in seminal fluid. OS has been recognized as an important factor in the pathophysiology of male infertility as it can enhance sperm apoptosis, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and DNA fragmentation. Several assays that can directly or indirectly measure the amount of ROS in seminal fluid have been developed and should be considered during male fertility assessment. Once detected, OS should be properly managed through lifestyle modification, elimination of potential sources of ROS production, and oral antioxidant supplementation. © 2017, Springer International Publishing Switzerland.