Epigenetic Risk Factors for Diseases: A Transgenerational Perspective

Abstract

Each individual is determined by a combination of genetic and non-genetic factors that together shape physiological and biological functions during development and adulthood. While genetic features are embedded in the DNA sequence inherited from parents, non-genetic features (which include epigenetic modifications) are acquired through experiences and environmental exposure across life. However, it is now acknowledged that non-genetic features can also be inherited from parents and propagate across generations. This chapter discusses the concept of non-genetic germline inheritance in mammals and examines possible routes of transmission of non-genetic information involving germline-dependent and germline-independent modes of transfer. It reviews current evidence that environmental factors can induce non-genetic alterations in the germline that can impact behavioral and physiological features in the offspring. This chapter also addresses the underlying molecular mechanisms, provides initial insight into the implication of epigenetic marks and noncoding RNAs in male germ cells, and questions the way non-genetic modifications can be induced and maintained in germ cells. It highlights promising areas of current research and reflects on evolutionary perspectives and future challenges.