Varus stress MRI in the refined assessment of the posterolateral corner of the knee joint

Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used to assess traumatic and non-traumatic conditions of the knee. Due to its complex and variable anatomy, the posterolateral corner (PLC)—often referred to as the joint’s dark side—remains diagnostically challenging. We aimed to render the diagnostic evaluation of the PLC more functional by combining MRI, varus loading, and image post-processing in a model of graded PLC injury that used sequential transections of the lateral collateral ligament, popliteus tendon, popliteofibular ligament, and anterior cruciate ligament. Ten human cadaveric knee joint specimens underwent imaging in each condition as above, and both unloaded and loaded using an MR-compatible device that standardized loading (of 147 N) and position (at 30° flexion). Following manual segmentation, 3D joint models were used to computationally measure lateral joint space opening for each specimen, configuration, and condition, while manual measurements provided the reference standard. With more extensive ligament deficiency and loading, lateral joint spaces increased significantly. In conclusion, varus stress MRI allows comprehensive PLC evaluation concerning structural integrity and associated functional capacity. Beyond providing normative values of lateral compartment opening, this study has potential implications for diagnostic and surgical decision-making and treatment monitoring in PLC injuries.