Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of yield and quality traits in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Abstract

This paper focuses on the experimental and numerical investigation of CH4/air non-premixed flame stabilized over a swirler burner with radial fuel injectors. The flame operates under a global equivalence ratio Φ = 0.8, a high swirl number Sn = 1.4 and at atmospheric pressure. Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) calculations, Delayed-Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES) and experimental measurements are performed for both cases, non-reacting and reacting swirling flows. Numerical flow fields are compared with detailed Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (Stereo-PIV) fields under non-reactive and reactive conditions. Temperature measurements are also performed and compared to the computed ones in the reacting flow. The analysis of averaged results reveals the presence of a central recirculation zone (CRZ), a swirling jet region (SJ) and shear layers (SL) for both flows. The instantaneous turbulent structures at the burner exit, visualized by the Q-criterion, display different instability modes. The main instabilities are the vortex rings due to the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, and finger structures generated by the swirling instability. The presence of the flame leads to increase the jet angle compared to the non-reacting flow. The main flame front is found highly wrinkled and rolled up around the vortex ring structures. A small flame ring is present near the fuel injector; it is formed due to the presence of a recirculation bubble (RB) at this region.