Oxidative damage and reduction of redox factor-1 expression after transient spinal cord ischemia in rabbits

Abstract

Objective: The mechanism of spinal cord injury has been thought to be related to the vulnerability of spinal motor neuron cells against ischemia. However, the mechanisms of such vulnerability are not fully understood. We previously reported that spinal motor neurons may be lost by programmed cell death and thus now investigate a possible mechanism of neuronal death with immunohistochemical analysis for 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and redox factor-1 (Ref-1). Methods: We used a rabbit spinal cord ischemia model with a balloon catheter. The spinal cord was removed at 8 hours, 1, 2, or 7 days after 15 minutes of transient ischemia, and histologic changes were studied with hematoxylin-eosin staining. Western blot analysis for Ref-1, temporal profiles of 8-OHdG and Ref-1 immunoreactivity, and double-label fluorescence immunocytochemical studies were performed. Results: Most motor neurons were preserved until 2 days but were selectively lost at 7 days of reperfusion. Western blot analysis of a sample from sham control spinal cord showed a characteristic 37-kDa band that was reduced after ischemia. Immunohistochemistry showed the nuclear expression of Ref-1 in motor neurons of control spinal cords, and immunoreactivity was decreased 1 day after ischemia. On the other hand, no nuclear expression was seen of 8-OHdG in motor neurons of control spinal cords, and immunoreactivity was increased 1 day after ischemia. Double-label fluorescence immunocytochemical study revealed that both 8-OHdG and Ref-1 were positive at 8 hours of reperfusion in the same motor neurons, which eventually die. Conclusion: These results suggest that Ref-1 decreased in motor neurons after transient spinal cord ischemia and that this reduction preceded oxidative DNA damage. The reduction of Ref-1 protein at the moderately late stage of reperfusion may be one of the factors responsible for the delay in neuronal death after spinal cord ischemia.