Gender stereotypes

Abstract

Gender biases based on stereotypes prevent women from obtaining leadership positions, securing resources, and having a voice to effect change. Patients and staff may have different expectations and perceptions in their interactions with female physicians as compared to male physicians. Female physicians may be disadvantaged by stereotype threat, which is triggered when performing in male stereotyped domains such as leadership or highly technical fields. Leave policies in the United States and internationally have contributed to bias and stigmatization of female physicians. Unpaid leave or policies without statutory partner/spouse leave can reinforce traditional gender roles and lead to financial and professional disadvantage of women. Because the stereotypes that give rise to gender bias are deeply embedded in the culture of medicine, only a systems approach will be successful in attaining equitable access to resources. Interventions at individual and institutional levels are required for cultural change. This chapter discusses such potential solutions.