The allergic patient

Abstract

Allergy refers to an exaggerated response by our immune system to exposure to certain allergens which are normally harmless. Allergy manifestations can range from mild symptoms to a life-threatening event related to anaphylaxis, also known as a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. The cornerstone of management is strict avoidance of known allergens, prompt diagnosis and pharmacological treatment to counteract the actions of allergy mediators. Adrenaline is the recommended first-line treatment in anaphylaxis. Second-line pharmacological agents include H1-antihistamines, corticosteroids, beta 2-agonists and vasopressors. In severe anaphylaxis, support of the cardiovascular system with oxygen and fluids as well as adrenaline may be necessary. Failure to relieve bronchospasm by pharmacological means may require mechanical ventilation to maintain effective oxygenation.