Raman spectroscopy of monolayer and multilayer graphenes

Abstract

The discovery of monolayer graphene in 2004 has triggered a great effort to investigate the fundamental properties and applications of all two-dimensional materials (2DMs). Monolayer graphene (1LG) can be stacked layer by layer in a particular way (AB, ABC and twist) to form multilayer graphene (MLG), whose properties vary according to the stacking. Raman spectroscopy is a useful tool to reveal the chemical and physical properties of graphene materials. In this chapter, we review the systematic development of the Raman spectroscopy of pristine 1LG and MLG. The essential Raman scattering processes of the entire first and second order modes in intrinsic 1LG are addressed in detail. We further introduce the concept of double resonance Raman scattering in graphene. Moreover, a series of works on the shear (C), layer-breathing (LB) and 2D modes of MLGs with different stacking orders are discussed. Finally, various types of resonance Raman spectroscopy of 1LG and MLG are also presented. The Raman spectroscopy of graphene materials can serve as a typical example in studying the Raman spectroscopy of other 2DMs and introducing the fundamental physical concepts for 2DMs.