Status of Orchid Diversity, Conservation, and Research and Development in Arunachal Pradesh: An Overview

Abstract

Arunachal Pradesh is one of the biodiversity-rich states and is considered as one of the “Biodiversity Hot Spots” in India. One of the important biodiversity elements is that of orchids with about 550 species in 132 genera. Out of them, as many as 376 are epiphytes including some lithophytes, 157 species are terrestrials, and 17 are mycotrophs (saprophytes). While Dendrobium has the maximum number of species (56 species) followed by Bulbophyllum with 55, the genera Satyrium and Thunia are represented by single species each. Besides, out of 404 species found endemic in various phytogeographical regions of India, 31 species are found endemic in Arunachal Pradesh only. In this paper, an overview of diversity and habitat distribution of orchids in various phytoclimatic zones and forest types which have been characterized by the elevation, temperature, forest type with major tree species, and microclimate that influence the occurrence of various orchid species has been presented. Recognizing the impact of development in the state, efforts in conserving the orchids ex situ and in situ by establishing orchid sanctuaries and centers provide an exemplary approach toward conservation of orchids. Research and development on orchids carried out for the last 48 years in exploring the orchid flora; conservation of germplasm in various orchid centers of the state by rescuing orchids from felled trees and disturbed forest areas; development of herbarium; breeding and development of hybrids; aseptic culture and micropropagation of ornamental and rare, endangered, and threatened (RET) species of orchids; and transfer of cultivation and farming technology through training the entrepreneurs and women self-help groups have also been presented for the development of a vibrant orchid industry in the state.